01Energy and Respiration
Need for energy; ATP as energy currency · ATP synthesis: substrate-linked and chemiosmosis · Energy values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins · Respiratory quotient (RQ); respirometers …
Photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure and function · ATP and reduced NADP linking the two stages · Thylakoids, grana and stroma as reaction sites · Chloroplast pigments and light absorption …
Homeostasis
Meaning and importance of homeostasis · Receptors, coordination, effectors, negative feedback · Deamination and urea formation in the liver · Structure of the kidney and nephron …
Control and Coordination
Endocrine system: ADH, glucagon and insulin · Comparing nervous and endocrine systems · Structure of sensory and motor neurones · Sensory receptor cells detecting stimuli …
Inheritance
Haploid and diploid; homologous chromosomes · Need for reduction division in meiosis · Chromosome behaviour in meiosis · Identifying meiotic stages in micrographs …
Selection and Evolution
Genetic and environmental causes of variation · Discontinuous and continuous variation · The t-test · Natural selection and the struggle for existence …
Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation
Species concept (biological, morphological, ecological) · Three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya · Differences between Archaea and Bacteria · Taxonomic hierarchy from kingdom to species …
Genetic Technology
Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering · Sources of genes for transfer · Restriction enzymes, ligase, plasmids, reverse transcriptase · Promoters and marker genes …
(outdated) Biotechnology
Microorganisms extracting metals from ores · Batch and continuous culture · Secondary metabolites, enzymes and biomass · Penicillin: mode of action and resistance …
(outdated) Crop Plants
Structure of a wind-pollinated plant · Self- and cross-pollination and variation · Maize fruit structure; role of endosperm · Cereal grains in the human diet …
(outdated) Aspects of Human Reproduction
Histology of the ovary and testis · Gametogenesis in humans · Hormones and the menstrual cycle · Contraceptive pills …