01Atomic Structure
Sub-atomic particles: charges, masses; nuclear atom · Proton/nucleon number; particles in atoms and ions · Particle beams in an electric field · Atomic and ionic radius trends …
Atoms, Molecules and Stoichiometry
Relative atomic, isotopic, molecular, formula mass · The mole and Avogadro constant · Formulae of ionic compounds and ions · Balancing equations; ionic equations; state symbols …
Chemical Bonding
Electronegativity and trends · Ionic and metallic bonding · Covalent and coordinate bonding; octet expansion · Sigma/pi bonds; hybridisation …
States of Matter
Ideal vs real gases; pV = nRT · Lattice structures: ionic, molecular, giant covalent, metallic · Structure/bonding vs physical properties · Deducing structure and bonding from properties
Chemical Energetics
Enthalpy change; exothermic/endothermic; pathway diagrams · Enthalpy of reaction, formation, combustion, neutralisation · Bond energy calculations · Calorimetry: q = mc(delta T) …
Electrochemistry
Oxidation numbers and balancing · Redox and disproportionation · Oxidising and reducing agents
Equilibria
Dynamic equilibrium · Le Chatelier's principle · Kc and Kp; partial pressure · Calculating Kc and Kp …
Reaction Kinetics
Rate; collisions; concentration and pressure · Activation energy and Boltzmann distribution · Temperature effect on rate · Catalysts and pathway diagrams
Chemical Periodicity
Period 3 physical property trends · Period 3 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water · Oxidation numbers of oxides and chlorides · Oxides/hydroxides with water; pH; amphoterism …
Group 2
Metals with oxygen, water, acids · Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates with water and acids · Thermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonates · Solubility of hydroxides and sulfates …
Group 17
Colours and volatility of Cl2, Br2, I2 · Halogen bond strength trend · Halogens as oxidising agents · Thermal stability of hydrogen halides …
Group IV (Group 14)
Element properties; semiconductors · Tetrachlorides: bonding, shape, volatility · Tetrachlorides with water (CCl4 vs SiCl4) · +2 and +4 oxides: bonding and acid-base nature …
Nitrogen and Sulfur
Unreactivity of nitrogen · Basicity of ammonia; ammonium ion · Nitrogen oxides: sources and removal · Photochemical smog (PAN) …
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Functional groups and homologous series · Types of formulae · Nomenclature (up to C6) · Terminology: fission, radicals, nucleophiles/electrophiles …
Hydrocarbons
Preparing alkanes · Combustion and free-radical substitution · Alkane unreactivity; combustion pollutants · Preparing alkenes …
Halogen Compounds
Preparing halogenoalkanes · Classifying halogenoalkanes · Nucleophilic substitution; AgNO3 test · Elimination to alkenes …
Hydroxy Compounds
Preparing alcohols · Combustion, substitution, reaction with sodium · Oxidation to carbonyls and carboxylic acids · Dehydration and esterification …
Carbonyl Compounds
Preparing aldehydes and ketones · Reduction; HCN addition and mechanism · 2,4-DNPH test · Aldehyde vs ketone: Fehling's and Tollens' …
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Preparing carboxylic acids · Reactions with metals, alkalis, carbonates; reduction · Esters: condensation and hydrolysis
Nitrogen Compounds
Primary amines from halogenoalkanes · Nitriles and hydroxynitriles
Polymerisation
Addition polymerisation; repeat units · Disposal of poly(alkene)s
Organic Synthesis
Identifying groups; predicting reactions · Multi-step synthetic routes
Analytical Techniques
IR spectroscopy · Mass spectrometry and relative atomic mass · Molecular ion peak and fragmentation · [M+1] and [M+2] peaks