Human Gas Exchange

Fig. 1.1 shows parts of the human gas exchange system and their functions.
On Fig. 1.1, draw a line from each part to its function.
One has already been done for you.

State two features of alveoli that make them suitable for gas exchange.

1. ______
2. ______

Gas exchange changes the percentages of some gases in the lungs.
The pie charts in Fig. 1.2 show how the percentages of gases in the lungs change during one breath.

Complete the pie chart titles and the key which shows which gases are represented by different types of shading.

Describe what will happen to the upper box containing air as a person takes one breath in from the apparatus.

______

State the percentage of oxygen in atmospheric air.

______ %

Explain how the percentage of oxygen in the air in the upper box will change as a person breathes in and out through the apparatus several times.

Substance M is present in the apparatus to absorb an excretory product from expired air.

Name this excretory product.

______

Explain how the action of one named muscle caused the part of the chart labelled N.

A second chart was recorded for a period of one minute by the same person after vigorous exercise.

State how an increased rate of breathing after exercise would be shown on this second chart.

______

Describe how air is breathed in, using the rib cage and diaphragm, so that it reaches the alveoli.

Bronchitis is a condition that can be triggered by breathing in substances that cause the bronchi to become inflamed and produce a large amount of mucus.

Suggest how this condition can affect a person and explain how a person may be able to avoid developing the condition.

State what will be seen to happen to the patient’s chest when air is forced into the lungs.

______

Name, in the correct order, the tubes through which air will travel from the patient’s mouth to the alveoli of the lungs.

The air forced into the patient’s lungs has different concentrations of gases compared to the air the patient would normally breathe in.

State two differences in the concentrations of gases.

Explain how each action of the CPR procedure will benefit the patient:

air forced into the patient’s lungs

______

repeated compression of the patient’s chest.

______

Complete the diagram by naming the labelled parts.

Explain why a human needs lungs.

Name the structure in the human body represented by J in the model.

______

Name the structure in the human body represented by the elastic band. State the action of this structure during the process of breathing out.

structure ______
action ______

Name a muscle that is used in human breathing, but is not represented in the model.

State the action of this muscle during the process of breathing out.

muscle ______
action ______

Describe and explain the effect of increasing the volume of the thorax on the movement of air during human breathing.

______

Describe the role of the cilia in the trachea.

Fig. 6.1 shows components of the human gas exchange surface and an associated blood vessel.

State the characteristics, and describe the roles, of each of the components shown in Fig. 6.1. You should make reference to named structures in your answer.

Fig. 1.1 shows the front view of a person's chest and abdomen.

On Fig. 1.1 draw:

• the diaphragm as it would appear immediately after breathing in,
• a circle ($\mathbf{O}$) to show the position of the heart,
• a cross ($\mathbf{X}$) to show the position of the liver.

State two similarities between the movement of a person's chest while breathing in and the movement of the handle.

1. ______
2. ______

Explain the differences between the movement of a person's chest and the movement of the handle.

Carbon dioxide arrives at the lungs in capillaries. Place a tick (✓) in each box against a process involved in removing carbon dioxide from the blood and expelling it to the atmosphere.

Table 5.2 shows the percentage of oxygen in inspired and expired air of three people, J, K and L.

Table 5.2

Describe the differences shown in Table 5.2 and suggest reasons for them.

State the part of the model shown in Fig. 1.1 that represents each of the following structures.

the trachea ______

the diaphragm ______

Describe how this model does not accurately represent the human breathing system.

The model can be used to demonstrate the action of breathing.

Describe what the student must do to the model to demonstrate the action of breathing in.

State what the student would observe as the model is used to demonstrate the action of breathing in.

The model becomes damaged by a hole being made in the side of the rigid plastic cup.

Describe and explain how this damage will change what the student would observe as the model is used to demonstrate the action of breathing in.