Disease and Immunity

Draw a line from each transmissible disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.

Complete these sentences about cholera by writing words in the gaps.

When the cholera pathogen is inside the small intestine it produces a ______ .

This results in the secretion of ______ ions into the small intestine.

The water potential inside the small intestine will ______ , causing water to move into the intestine.

In 2017 the World Health Organization estimated that $95\,000$ people die from cholera each year.

The World Health Organization set up a project to reduce this number of deaths by $95\%$ by 2030.

If the project is successful, calculate the maximum number of cholera deaths in 2030.

maximum number of cholera deaths = ______

The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to protect people from cholera.

Describe how vaccination can make people immune to a disease.

Table 4.1 shows details of a vaccine used by the World Health Organization to protect people from cholera.

Table 4.1

Discuss the practical problems of using this vaccine in different parts of the world.

Vibrio cholerae is a microorganism.

Name the type of microorganism.

______

Suggest and explain reasons why outbreaks of cholera are more likely after natural disasters.

Explain how an infection with Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhoea.

Using Fig. 6.1, suggest why giving the patient this solution to drink is an effective treatment for diarrhoea.

Explain how long-term active immunity develops in the human body after infection by a pathogen.

In any group of humans, there is variation in how well each person's immune system responds to infections.

Suggest factors which may contribute to this variation.

Suggest how the shape of the graph can be explained by what happens in parts of the body after drinking alcohol.

The graph shows that the highest blood alcohol concentration for this person after drinking alcohol is $0.75\,\text{g per dm}^3$.

Suggest two reasons why the highest blood alcohol concentration may be different for two people after drinking the same volume of alcohol.

1. ______
2. ______

Describe the short-term effects of a high blood alcohol concentration.

Define the term drug.

Describe the possible effects of abuse of a named drug.

Suggest why a car driver who is driving under the influence of alcohol or heroin is more likely to have an accident than a driver who is free of these drugs.

Describe other harmful effects of these drugs on people who use them for long periods of time.

alcohol: ______

heroin: ______

Explain the measures taken, excluding the use of drugs, to reduce the spread of malaria.

Quinine was the only drug that was successfully used to protect against malaria until the 1920s.

Suggest why quinine has largely been replaced by more recently-discovered drugs.

Define the term drug.

Describe the effects on health of smoking tobacco. In your answer, make reference to the effects of named toxic components of tobacco smoke.

Suggest why many people regard smoking tobacco as no longer socially acceptable.

Name the drug in tobacco smoke responsible for addiction.

______

Name a substance in tobacco smoke known to cause cancer.

______

Name a substance in tobacco smoke that affects the carriage of respiratory gases.

______

Explain why a pregnant woman is advised not to smoke.

Describe and explain the relationship between the number of smokers and the number of deaths from lung cancer shown in Table 3.1.

Define the term drug.

______

Fig. 4.1 shows some of the organs of a person that can be affected by the use of drugs.

Complete Table 4.1 by naming organs D and E and by giving one effect of each drug on the named organ.

Table 4.1

Name two toxic components of tobacco smoke.

1. ______
2. ______

State the likely effect on her baby if a mother smokes tobacco throughout pregnancy.

______