Chemistry of the Environment

State the percentage by volume of oxygen in clean, dry air.

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State one adverse effect of this increasing percentage of carbon dioxide.

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State one strategy to reduce this increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide.

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Name one other air pollutant that causes acid rain.

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The burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur in power stations produces sulfur dioxide emissions.

Describe one way these sulfur dioxide emissions are reduced.

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Describe one adverse effect of increased global warming.

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Describe how carbon dioxide causes global warming.

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Write the word equation for photosynthesis.

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Describe the conditions needed for photosynthesis.

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Explain one strategy to reduce global warming caused by carbon dioxide.

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Describe one adverse effect of higher levels of methane in air.

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The combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur produces sulfur dioxide.

Describe two strategies to reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels.

1. ______
2. ______

This pollutant is present in the gases made in car engines.

Describe how nitrogen monoxide is removed from these gases.

Include a word equation in your answer.

______

State two other adverse effects of oxides of nitrogen pollutants in the air.

1. ______
2. ______

What is the percentage by volume of nitrogen in dry air?

______

Outline the separation of oxygen, nitrogen and the noble gases from liquid air.

State one large scale use of nitrogen.

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Name one gas that contributes to acid rain.

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State one environmental consequence of an increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air.

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Describe the source of carbon monoxide in air.

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Desalination is used to convert sea water into drinking water.

What is desalination?

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Give the source of these two pollutants.

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Name one environmental effect caused by these pollutants in river water.

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Describe how insoluble solids are removed from river water.

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Name the substance used to remove bad tastes and odours from river water.

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Name the substance used to disinfect river water so it is safe to drink.

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Name two dissolved substances that occur naturally in unpolluted water from lakes and rivers.

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Name two ions present in fertilisers which cause eutrophication.

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Describe the essential stages in eutrophication.

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Give the percentage by volume of nitrogen in clean, dry air.

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State and explain how oxygen is extracted from air.

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Explain how the carbon cycle helps to keep the composition of air relatively constant.

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Many electricity power stations burn fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant produced during the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.

Describe two ways in which calcium carbonate can be used to reduce the effects of burning fossil fuels.

1. ______
2. ______

Calculate the number of molecules of carbon dioxide in $480\text{ dm}^3$ of clean, dry air at room temperature and pressure.

One mole of any gas contains $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ molecules.

number of molecules = ______

Give one adverse effect of global warming.

______

Describe how the presence of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes global warming.

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Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis.

State the word equation for photosynthesis.

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State one effect of an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and methane.

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State one source of methane gas.

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State one other environmental effect of the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.

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Describe the chemical reaction that takes place within a car engine to form nitric oxide, $\text{NO}$.

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Most of the nitric oxide and other pollutants present in the exhaust gases of a car are removed in a catalytic converter.

Describe the redox reactions that happen within a catalytic converter.

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Nitrogen dioxide is one of the causes of acid rain.

Two moles of nitrogen dioxide react with one mole of water to make an aqueous solution of two acids only.

One of these acids is nitric acid.

Deduce the formula of the other acid.

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Name one substance in river water that may be harmful.

Explain why this substance may be harmful.

substance ______

explanation ______

Name one substance in river water that is beneficial.

Explain why this substance is beneficial.

substance ______

explanation ______

Describe the three processes involved in the treatment of water for the domestic water supply.

State the reason why each process is used.

process 1 ______

reason ______

process 2 ______

reason ______

process 3 ______

reason ______

Describe a qualitative chemical test to show the presence of water.

chemical test ______

observation ______